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<title>Asplenium australasicum</title>

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Asplenium australasicum

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<th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)">Asplenium australasicum

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<th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a>

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<td>Kingdom:

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<td><a href="Plant" title="Plant">Plantae</a>

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<td>Clade:

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<td><a href="Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">Tracheophytes</a>

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<td>Division:

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<td><a href="Fern" title="Fern">Polypodiophyta</a>

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<td>Class:

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<td><a href="Fern" title="Fern">Polypodiopsida</a>

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<td>Order:

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<td><a href="Polypodiales" title="Polypodiales">Polypodiales</a>

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<td>Suborder:

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<td><a href="Aspleniineae" title="Aspleniineae">Aspleniineae</a>

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<td>Family:

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<td><a href="Aspleniaceae" title="Aspleniaceae">Aspleniaceae</a>

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<td>Genus:

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<td><a href="Asplenium" title="Asplenium">Asplenium</a>

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<td>Species:

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<td><div style="display:inline" class="species">A. australasicum</div>

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<th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)"><a href="Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a>

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<td colspan="2" style="text-align: center">Asplenium australasicum <div style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="John_Smith_(botanist)" title="John Smith (botanist)">J.Sm.</a>) <a href="William_Jackson_Hooker" title="William Jackson Hooker">Hook.</a></div>

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Asplenium australasicum, the bird's nest fern or crow's nest fern, is an epiphytic Australasian species of <a href="Fern" title="Fern">fern</a> in the family <a href="Aspleniaceae" title="Aspleniaceae">Aspleniaceae</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mediterran-1">[1]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h2></div>

Asplenium australasicum was originally described by English botanist John Smith in 1857 as Neottopteris australasica.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> He had reclassified the already known <a href="Asplenium_nidus" title="Asplenium nidus">A. nidus</a> in its own genus Neottopteris. Other botanists reclassified the genus as a section, Thamnopteris, within the genus <a href="Asplenium" title="Asplenium">Asplenium</a>,<a href="#cite_note-murakami-3">[3]</a> and <a href="William_Jackson_Hooker" title="William Jackson Hooker">William Jackson Hooker</a> gave it its current binomial name in 1859.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Although the section Thamnopteris is distinctive, defining the species has been difficult as the morphology of the plants is so simple.<a href="#cite_note-murakami-3">[3]</a> A. australasicum has been confused with (and called) A. nidus,<a href="#cite_note-Fairley-5">[5]</a> and Japanese populations which were considered to be A. australasicum by their morphology have been found to be genetically distinct and reclassified as a new species, A. setoi.<a href="#cite_note-murakami-3">[3]</a>

A global phylogeny of Asplenium published in 2020 divided the genus into eleven clades,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXuZhangRothfelsSmith202027-6">[6]</a> which were given informal names pending further taxonomic study. A. australasicum belongs to the "Neottopteris clade",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXuZhangRothfelsSmith202031-7">[7]</a> members of which generally have somewhat leathery leaf tissue. While the subclades of this group are poorly resolved, several of them share a characteristic "bird's-nest fern" morphology with entire leaves and fused veins near the margin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXuZhangRothfelsSmith202041-8">[8]</a> Both the 2020 study<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXuZhangRothfelsSmith202041-8">[8]</a> and a 2015 molecular study found that A. australasicum is polyphyletic, meaning that some populations were not closely related to others—A. australasicum from Fiji and Vanauatu were not closely related to A. australasicum from Australia and New Caledonia. Hence a revision with sampling of the species across its range was required to delineate the taxon and identify cryptic species.<a href="#cite_note-Ohlsen2015-9">[9]</a> A. australasicum forms a clade with the morphologically similar <a href="Asplenium_nidus" title="Asplenium nidus">A. nidus</a> <a href="Sensu_lato" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensu lato">sensu lato</a>, but other bird's-nest ferns such as <a href="Asplenium_antiquum" title="Asplenium antiquum">A. antiquum</a> and A. phyllitidis form a separate subclade which is not particularly closely related.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXuZhangRothfelsSmith202031-7">[7]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2></div>

Asplenium australasicum grows as shrubby plant, with a rosette of yellow-green fronds which are 60 to 80 cm (24–32 in) long and 3 to 21 cm (1.2–8.4 in) wide.<a href="#cite_note-floransw-10">[10]</a> It can be distinguished from A. nidus by its prominent midrib under its fronds, giving the fronds a keeled appearance.<a href="#cite_note-murakami-3">[3]</a> The spores form in parallel lines which run in parallel with the veins and oblique to the midrib.<a href="#cite_note-Fairley-5">[5]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution_and_habitat">Distribution and habitat</h2></div>

A. australasicum grows on rocks or as an <a href="Epiphyte" title="Epiphyte">epiphyte</a> on trees and is native to eastern New South Wales and Queensland.<a href="#cite_note-floransw-10">[10]</a> The clumps can reach a large size, with the centre of the fern acting as a reservoir for debris.<a href="#cite_note-Fairley-5">[5]</a> The colonial botanist <a href="William_Woolls" title="William Woolls">William Woolls</a> wrote "... as a caution to fern gatherers, sometimes a species of <a href="Red-bellied_black_snake" title="Red-bellied black snake">black snake</a> coils itself up in the centre" (of the birds nest fern).<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultivation">Cultivation</h2></div>

Asplenium australasicum specimens were taken from logged areas, which helped them become popular in horticulture.<a href="#cite_note-Fairley-5">[5]</a> It adapts readily to cultivation, as long as it has good drainage. Poor drainage renders it vulnerable to rotting.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> It can be grown in a tub or barrel.<a href="#cite_note-mediterran-1">[1]</a> In cultivation it is occasionally attacked by white <a href="Coconut_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Coconut scale">coconut scale</a> on the underside of the fronds.<a href="#cite_note-mediterran-1">[1]</a>

Apart from its use as an ornamental plant, bird's nest fern is also a popular vegetable in Taiwan, particularly in the Eastern part of the island, where the young emerging fronds of both A. australasicum and <a href="Asplenium_nidus" title="Asplenium nidus">A. nidus</a> are used as a leafy vegetable, from either wild or cultivated plants.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFElliot2003" class="citation book cs1">Elliot, Rodger (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TJi4uzF31UQC&dq=Asplenium+australasicum&pg=PA45">Australian Plants for Mediterranean Climate Gardens</a>. Rosenberg Publishing. p. 45. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>1-877058-18-1</bdi>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anbg.gov.au/cgi-bin/apni?taxon_id=25991">"Neottopteris australasica J.Sm"</a>. <a href="Australian_Plant_Name_Index" title="Australian Plant Name Index">Australian Plant Name Index</a> (APNI), IBIS database. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-murakami-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-murakami_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-murakami_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-murakami_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-murakami_3-3">d</a> <cite id="CITEREFNoriaki_MurakamiMikio_WatanabeJun_YokoyamaYoko_Yatabe1999" class="citation journal cs1">Noriaki Murakami; Mikio Watanabe; Jun Yokoyama; Yoko Yatabe; Hisako Iwasaki & Shunsuke Serizawa (1999). "Molecular Taxonomic Study and Revision of the Three Japanese Species of Asplenium sect. Thamnopteris". Journal of Plant Research. 112 (1): 15–25. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FPL00013856">10.1007/PL00013856</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23985191">23985191</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anbg.gov.au/cgi-bin/apni?taxon_id=51413">"Asplenium australasicum (J.Sm.) Hook"</a>. <a href="Australian_Plant_Name_Index" title="Australian Plant Name Index">Australian Plant Name Index</a> (APNI), IBIS database. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Fairley-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fairley_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fairley_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fairley_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fairley_5-3">d</a> <cite id="CITEREFFairley,_AlanMoore,_Philip2000" class="citation book cs1">Fairley, Alan; Moore, Philip (2000). Native Plants of the Sydney District:An Identification Guide (2nd ed.). Kenthurst, NSW: Kangaroo Press. p. 41. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-7318-1031-7</bdi>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEXuZhangRothfelsSmith202027-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEXuZhangRothfelsSmith202027_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFXuZhangRothfelsSmith2020">Xu et al. 2020</a>, p. 27.

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEXuZhangRothfelsSmith202031-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEXuZhangRothfelsSmith202031_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEXuZhangRothfelsSmith202031_7-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFXuZhangRothfelsSmith2020">Xu et al. 2020</a>, p. 31.

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEXuZhangRothfelsSmith202041-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEXuZhangRothfelsSmith202041_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEXuZhangRothfelsSmith202041_8-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFXuZhangRothfelsSmith2020">Xu et al. 2020</a>, p. 41.

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<li id="cite_note-Ohlsen2015-9"><a href="#cite_ref-Ohlsen2015_9-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFOhlsenPerrieShepherdBrownsey2015" class="citation journal cs1">Ohlsen DJ, Perrie LR, Shepherd LD, Brownsey PJ, Bayly MJ (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1071%2Fsb14043">"Phylogeny of the fern family Aspleniaceae in Australasia and the southwestern Pacific"</a>. Australian Systematic Botany. 27 (6): 355–71. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1071%2Fsb14043">10.1071/sb14043</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-floransw-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-floransw_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-floransw_10-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFPeter_G._Wilson" class="citation web cs1">Peter G. Wilson. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&lvl=sp&name=Asplenium~australasicum">"New South Wales Flora Online: Asplenium australasicum"</a>. Royal Botanic Gardens & Domain Trust, Sydney, Australia.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Les Robinson – Field Guide to the Native Plants of Sydney, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-7318-1211-0</bdi> page 306

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<li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFWalters,_Brian2007" class="citation web cs1">Walters, Brian (November 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://anpsa.org.au/a-aust.html">"Asplenium australasicum"</a>. Australian Native Plants Society (Australia). Retrieved 10 November 2011.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFAnonymous" class="citation web cs1">Anonymous. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120426004956/http://libnts.avrdc.org.tw/fulltext_pdf/ebook1/10-7%20birds%20nest%20fern.pdf">"Bird's nest fern (Vegetable uses)"</a> (PDF). AVRDC, The World Vegetable Center. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libnts.avrdc.org.tw/fulltext_pdf/ebook1/10-7%20birds%20nest%20fern.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 27 November 2011.</cite>

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<li><cite id="CITEREFXuZhangRothfelsSmith2020" class="citation journal cs1">Xu, Ke-Wang; Zhang, Liang; Rothfels, Carl J.; Smith, Alan R.; Viane, Ronald; Lorence, David; Wood, Kenneth R.; Chen, Cheng-Wei; Knapp, Ralf; Zhou, Lin; Lu, Ngan Thi; Zhou, Xin-Mao; Wei, Hong-Jin; Fan, Qiang; Chen, Su-Fang; Cicuzza, Daniele; Gao, Xin-Fen; Li, Wen-Bo; Zhang, Li-Bing (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/cla.12384">"A global plastid phylogeny of the fern genus Asplenium (Aspleniaceae)"</a>. Cladistics. 36 (1): 22–71. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fcla.12384">10.1111/cla.12384</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34618950">34618950</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:201197385">201197385</a>.</cite></li></ul>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers4381" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers4381" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Taxon identifiers</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Asplenium australasicum</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4235309" class="extiw external" title="wikidata:Q4235309">Q4235309</a></li>

<li><a href="Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Asplenium_australasicum" class="extiw external" title="wikispecies:Asplenium australasicum">Asplenium australasicum</a></li>

<li><a href="Flora_of_Australia" title="Flora of Australia">FoAO2</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Asplenium%20australasicum">Asplenium australasicum</a></li>

<li><a href="INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/83561">83561</a></li>

<li><a href="NSWFlora" class="mw-redirect" title="NSWFlora">NSWFlora</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&lvl=sp&name=Asplenium~australasicum">Asplenium~australasicum</a></li>

<li><a href="Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">POWO</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A17039650-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:17039650-1</a></li>

<li><a href="Tropicos" title="Tropicos">Tropicos</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tropicos.org/name/26603316">26603316</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;">Neottopteris australasica</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50859186" class="extiw external" title="wikidata:Q50859186">Q50859186</a></li>

<li><a href="Plants_of_the_World_Online" title="Plants of the World Online">POWO</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A17150520-1">urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:17150520-1</a></li>

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